Hi,
Here is an excerpt from "Civil Engineering for Outdoor Railroads Vol 1" (2006, Doug van Veelen) that covers rolling resistance. I hope this helps out.
Table 20 is interesting. It demonstrates how fast the pulling power falls off as the grade increases.
This book is written in a "for Dummies" style. Its target audience is Live Steamers. The information was taken from prototype data and reduced to compensate for Live Steam. For instance the discussion on super elevation was taken from prototype data. The programs used to generate the table(s) (programs included with book) included an adjustment for track gauge so it would work for 36" or 15" or 7.5" or any other gauge.
I hope you find it useful in understanding the topic of tractive effort and rolling resistance.
Doug vV