They are valves connected to the brake cylinder which will retain either 10 or 15 lbs air in the cylinder regardless of what the engineer does (ie what the pressure in the train line is). This creates a situation where the brakes are being applied full time, but where the brake reservoirs can recharge fully. Useful when going down a steep grade.
There have been several very interesting discussions on brakes held here, you might want to go back into the archives and take a look.
Don